ABSTRACT
The proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology has been rapidly developed since its birth in 2001, attracting rapidly growing attention of scientific institutes and pharmaceutical companies. At present, a variety of small molecule PROTACs have entered the clinical trial. However, as small molecule PROTACs flourish, non-small molecule PROTACs (NSM-PROTACs) such as peptide PROTACs, nucleic acid PROTACs and antibody PROTACs have also advanced considerably over recent years, exhibiting the unique characters beyond the small molecule PROTACs. Here, we briefly introduce the types of NSM-PROTACs, describe the advantages of NSM-PROTACs, and summarize the development of NSM-PROTACs so far in detail. We hope this article could not only provide useful insights into NSM-PROTACs, but also expand the research interest of NSM-PROTACs.
ABSTRACT
The cultivation and production of cucumber are seriously affected by downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Downy mildew damages leaves, stems and inflorescences, and then reduces the yield and quality of cucumber. This review summarized the research advances in cucumber downy mildew, including pathogen detection and defense pathways, regulatory factors, mining of pathogens-resistant candidate genes, proteomic and genomic analysis, and development of QTL remarks. This review may facilitate clarifying the resistance mechanisms of cucumber to downy mildew.
Subject(s)
Cucumis sativus/genetics , Oomycetes/genetics , Peronospora , Plant Diseases/genetics , ProteomicsABSTRACT
Objective To assess the value of MSCT in the diagnosis of traumatic pancreatic injury.Methods The clinical and MSCT examination data of 38 patients with pancreatic injury admitted to our hospital were retrospective reviewed.Radiographic pancreatic injuries were classified as superficial or deep lesions,according to the depth of the injury to pancreas.Superficial lesions were defined as the hematomas or lacerations <50% of thickness of pancreas,deep lesions as the hematomas or lacerations >50% of thickness of pancreas.Results In 38 patients,32 patients underwent operative treatment,and other 6 patients underwent nonoperative treatment,including 20 patients with superficial injury and 18 patients with deep injury.The overall diagnostic coincidence rate of CT was 89.5%(34/38),and diagnostic coincidence rate for deep injury was 100%(18/18)with injury of the main pancreatic duct.Five cases of pancreatic injury were detected by CT enhancement and post-processing technique,and CT examination was considered negative in 4 cases of superficial injury.CT showed intrapancreatic or peripancreatic hematomas in 16 cases,pancreatic tear or laceration in 17 cases,pancreatic contusion in 10 cases, peripancreatic pseudocyst in 11 cases,dilation of the main pancreatic duct in 3 cases,traumatic pancreatitis in 20 cases and peripancreatic infection with abccess in 4 cases.Pancreatic injury presented as pancreatic or peripancreatic hematomas in early stage (within 7 days)and subsequently evolved into pancreatic tear or laceration and pseudocyst.Pancreatic injury was located in the pancreatic head in 10 cases,both in pancreatic head and neck in 1 case,in pancreatic neck in 10 cases,both in pancreatic neck and body in 1 case,in pancreatic body in 2 cases,both in pancreatic body and tail in 7 cases and in pancreatic tail in 7 cases.Pancreatic contusion was mainly located in pancreatic head (8/10, 80%).19 cases of simple pancreatic injury and 19 complex ones were showed in this study.Conclusion The diagnostic coincidence rate of CT for deep pancreatic injury is high with dilatation of the main pancreatic duct.CT findings of pancreatic injury are related to the time,site and degree of the pancreatic injury.CT enhancement and post-processing technique can improve diagnostic rate.